![]() įor example, the intestinal mucosa is populated by intra-epithelial lymphocytes and mucosa associated lymphoid tissue. Therefore, these pieces of information are critical to understand the role of the immune system during cancer evolution and metastasis and also to develop immune interception strategies for both cancer prevention and treatment. Differences in TME composition are also reflective on different subtypes of tumors associated with different coevolving immune responses, thus reflecting two of the hallmarks of cancer: evasion of immune detection, and tumor promoting-inflammation. ![]() Changes in the abundance of specific immune cell types within the tumor microenvironment (TME) over time reflect the evolution of cancer across the successive stages of premalignancy, invasion, local recurrence and distant metastatic spread. Observing temporal dynamics within the immune cell compartment is critical to understand processes such as autoimmunity, susceptibility to infections, and development of cancers. In addition, the immune system has resident cells present in almost all organs. ![]() For instance, the human immune system requires constant trafficking of different cell types to disease sites to mount innate and acquired immune responses. Ascertainment of these changes is critical to understand the complexity of human diseases. However, these changes in cell composition may be subtle and their detection requires the use of single-cell technologies coupled with accurate analytical pipelines allowing the enumeration of cell populations-of-interest with adequate specificity, especially for rare cell types. Cell type abundance is highly dynamic and varies across physiological and pathological states, including oncogenesis. Ĭellular composition varies across different tissues and organs of the human body. We provide a web application to enable user-friendly study design via. We evaluate the mathematical accuracy of Sensei and provide practical guidelines on over 20 cell types in over 30 cancer types based on knowledge acquired from the cancer cell atlas (TCGA) and prior single-cell studies. Sensei expands the t-test and models the cell abundances using a beta-binomial distribution. To address this statistical challenge, we have developed a new approach, named Sensei, to determine the number of samples and the number of cells that are required to ascertain such changes between two groups of samples in single-cell studies. However, challenges remain in determining sample sizes needed for ascertaining changes in cell type abundances in a controlled study. Advances in single-cell technologies such as single-cell RNA sequencing and mass cytometry have enabled interrogation of cell type-specific expression profiles and abundance across heterogeneous cancer samples obtained from clinical trials and preclinical studies. Cellular heterogeneity underlies cancer evolution and metastasis.
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